The Main Disagreements Between the Conservative, Labour...

The Main Disagreements Between the Conservative, Labour and Liberal Democrat Parties The three main parties in UK politics, Labour, Conservatives and Liberal Democrats, are all based on greatly differing ideologies which can often lead to them having varying viewpoints on key issues. These differences can often lead to conflicts or disagreements between the parties over which policy will be most beneficial to the country. A particularly controversial and fiercely contested issue is the role of the United Kingdom in the future of the European Union. The Labour party are often considered to be pro-Europe although their policies do tend to keep Britains interests at heart. Their priorities for Europe†¦show more content†¦Like Labour, Liberals argue that the EU must be enlarged to guarantee its future survival although, unlike Labour, they do feel that EU institutions must be made more efficient. Another controversial political issue is that of constitutional reform. The Liberal Democrat and Labour policies in this area are very similar in the way that they both believe in devolution of power away from Westminster through regional assemblies. Both parties feel that many of the current political systems are outdated and must be modernised if political participation is to rise. The parties do differ however, on taxes. Labour have always strived to keep taxes as low as possible whilst attempting to strike a balance with good public services. The Liberal Democrats feel this can only be achieved if taxes are raised, therefore making the public pay for the improvements. As with the EU, Conservatives have greatly differing policies from the other two parties. They believe in the preservation of national sovereignty and traditional political methods. They are strongly opposed to the devolution proposed by the other parties and this even extends to Northern Ireland, which the Conse rvatives believe should be ruled from London. The whole issue of the welfare state and how much the state should provide for its people has been argued overShow MoreRelated‘the Major Uk Parties Agree More over Europe Than They Disagree.’ Discuss1277 Words   |  6 Pages‘The major UK parties agree more over Europe than they disagree.’ Discuss Throughout the history of European integration, the major UK parties have debated on all different aspects of Europe and the impacts of membership on Britain itself. From both these debates and party policies, it is clear to see that whilst there is generally a consensus over Europe, some issues have been a cause of disagreement among the major parties. In this essay I will analyse the policies and actions of the major UKRead Moreâ€Å"A written constitution, rather than gradual reform, is now essential for the UK to claim to be a modern democracy.†1246 Words   |  5 Pagesrelationship between the different parts of government and citizens. Gradual reform, on the other hand, has no written record of the powers of government or a clear relationship between government and citizens; however, these are determined by laws that evolve with the current views and morals of Britain. A modern democracy can be interpreted differently by people and that is a fundamental reason for this conflict of interest. Some people, such as the Liberal Democrats, believeRead MoreAt The Heart Of The Field Of Comparative Politics Lie A1607 Words   |  7 Pagessubsequently identify the main differences between structural and interest-based explanations in comparative politics. Due to the lack of space, the ways in which they complement one another will be omitted. Finally, the essay will conclude by arguing that the main differences between structural and interest-based approaches revolve around their explanations on the causes of political developments, and their focuses on the individual. In order to fully appreciate the main differences between the structuralRead MoreThe Effect Of Qualification And Income Levels On The Political Status Of Different Birmingham Wards3923 Words   |  16 Pagesrelationship between levels of qualification and income, influence the political status of different Birmingham wards? I shall compare and contrast several different sources of data, as well as referring to my questionnaire results in my data analysis. My hypothesis was that wards which had a high level of social class and the majority of their population had level 4 qualifications and above, as well as a high level of household income; were expected to have voted in favour of the Conservative Party. WhereasRead MoreAustralian Politics And Its Impact On Social And Economic Issues3343 Words   |  14 Pagesclashing philosophies between two major parties dominating the system, however, the United States is faced with a greater political dichotomy stunting the growth of legislation on social and economic issues. In Australian politics, these parties are the Australian Labor Party and the Liberal National Party and in the United States the Democratic Party and the Republican Party clash. These parties lie on opposite ends of the traditional political spectrum. The ALP and the Democratic Party both lie on theRead MoreHow Well Does Parliament Perform Its Various Functions? Essay1630 Words   |  7 Pagesform of government acknowledges that it derives its power directly from the consent of the people. This sort of system ensures democracy and an active interaction between the people and their representatives. The three functions that I am going to focus on are Scrutiny, Representation and Law Making. Scrutiny is carried out in four main ways- Prime Ministers Questions, Select Committees, The Back Benches and The House of Lords. Prime Ministers Questions is a weekly opportunity for backbenchers toRead MoreRise of Parliament6961 Words   |  28 Pagesthese countries forever The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England. Its roots go back to the early medieval period. It took over more and more from the power of the monarch, and after the Act of Union 1707 became the main part of the Parliament of Great Britain, and later the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The origin of Parliament can be found in the times of the Anglo-Saxons. Anglo-Saxon kings were advised by a council known as the Witenagemot, to which belongedRead MoreBtec Level 3 in Business, Unit 1 the Business Environment18355 Words   |  74 Pages This usually means the work and responsibility is shared and so are the profits. Good examples of partnerships are dentists, accountants and lawyers. There is usually more money and ideas that can be put into the business. There may be disagreements between partners and this can affect the way they run their business. Depending on what contracts were drawn up, one of the owners may decide to leave and leave debts to the other owner or owners. Each partner has to take the risk of full responsibilityRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesof the world’s human population for the first time in history. He gives considerable attention to changes in city planning, patterns of urban growth, and important differences between industrialized Europe and North America and the developing world, as well as the contrasts in urban design and living conditions between different sorts of political regimes— communist, capitalist, colonial, and fascist. Particularly revealing are Spodek’s discussions of the influence of prominent urban plannersRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pageswithin-chapter Preface vii case illustrations—â€Å"In the International Spotlight† and â€Å"You Be the International Management Consultant†Ã¢â‚¬â€can be read and discussed in class. The revised or newly added â€Å"Integrative Cases† positioned at the end of each main part of the text were created exclusively for this edition and provide opportunities for reading and analysis outside of class. Review questions provided for each case are intended to facilitate lively and productive written analysis or in-class discussion

Technology And Its Impact On Society - 1198 Words

Technology is used on a daily basis to accomplish specific tasks or interests. Modern technology increases human capabilities and this technology has evolved with years. Technology simplifies life in so many ways and everyone defines technology in their own way. They’re new types of technology on the market, this technology simplifies our daily lives. They’re endless demands as consumers of technology, people use technology to accomplish simple tasks every day. Technology’s used in business, education, communication, healthcare, entertainment and so much more. There’s an unquestionable impact of technology on society. Whether considering the plow, vaccinations, or the internet, technology has had a huge impact on society. While not every advance benefits society, there’s many positive effects of technology. Modern technology makes life more convenient now more than ever. Modern technologies like broadband internet makes it possible to access relevan t information at any time anywhere. Today’s technology makes it simple for students to learn from anywhere through online education and mobile education, which improves the education system. It also improves the health system, most hospitals have implemented modern technology in surgical rooms, which may reduce the number of mistakes made by doctors. Modern technology’s more convenient than when it was simpler because, it provides an easy way to access information, improves the education system, and it improves the health system.Show MoreRelatedTechnology And Society : Impact Of Technology On Society1511 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Technology has impacted people, businesses and society as a whole. The roles that technology has played on communication, business and education have been more than impactful. As the power of computers continue to increase with help from databases, social networking and businesses, it adds an increase to office productivity compared to using typewriters, and filing cabinets. Although there are plenty of good things about technology, the way we use it determines if it impacts are positiveRead MoreImpact Of Technology On Society : Technology1281 Words   |  6 PagesImpact Of Technology On Society Technology, without a doubt has an impact on society. As a matter of fact, we experience this impact in our daily lives. The evolution of technology has dramatically changed the way we think, with the rapid new advancements being made with each passing day, to the tremendous opportunities it provides us with. It has an effect on the growth of our culture, living standards and our economy. At the end of the day technology plays a significant role in almost all fieldsRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Society1302 Words   |  6 Pages Technology Dominates Society How has technology affected the everyday life of society today? Is society as social as it use to be before everyone had access to an abundance of technology? Many people believe that the answer to those questions are that society is less social and technology has had a negative impact on humans today. As technology progresses bounteously society begins to rapidly decline. The ways society is negatively impacted socially mentally and emotionally will be analyzed. Read MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Society1291 Words   |  6 PagesSociety has always been impacted by technology. Each invention has affected how people relate to one another and how cultures have expanded or ended. Technology impacts how cities grow, where people live, and who owns what. Technologies are the reason a few people are very rich, that people are more social, and that teaching, and learning is changing. We are at a crucial time in history where educators can make a difference in how our students interact with one another and make a place for themselvesRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Society1087 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology is one of the biggest advancement in the history of our universe, and the powers of it are good and bad. People mainly gain from the use of technology and its many uses. Without technology today, the world would be a much, much different place because of the major setback in communication and other activities and resources. The things that technology impacts are family, education, and health. Family is one area technology impacts life in general. â€Å"88% of Americans adults haveRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Society1343 Words   |  6 PagesFrom over ten thousand years ago to what is now the Information Age, technology has grown significantly and affected not just one individual, but the whole world. The creations of technology have rapidly evolved to where humans depend on technology. They use it for their daily needs and this evidence shows these creations are a stepping-stone for future endeavours. The innovations that several people have created revolutionised the world in a major way from a light bulb and crossbows to an airplaneRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Society1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe technology is creating a generation capable of communication and understanding different cultures and belief. The technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purpose. It machinery and equipment developed from such as scient ific knowledge. Humans have lived for thousands of years without any technology in small hunter gatherer communities, but now we have all of this technology and the population on Earth has exploded and will not stop anytime soon. â€Å"Society seems enthralledRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Society1596 Words   |  7 PagesSociety has become dependent on technology and it now plays an important role in many people’s lives. Try imagining your life without technology. If the internet, mobile devices, and games were taken away from us, how would we feel? Many people would feel like a part of their lives are missing due to technology now being a necessity in their everyday life. It would be very different from what we are comfortable with today. The truth is, many people rely on technology to get them through the dayRead MoreTechnology and Its Impact on Society1082 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology and its impact on society In this paper I will talk about the topic that technology will eventually destroy the entire civilization, since people are greedy and the revenge of nature. Technology s advantages and disadvantages are a subject of constant discussion. Those who are against technology have the opinion that technology harms people and will ultimately ruin human civilization. Threats to the environment are pollution, resource depletion, greenhouse gas, and nuclear power abuseRead MoreTechnology Impact On Society1356 Words   |  6 PagesThe technology used in society is regularly changing and developing in a way that forces a push of usage in all aspects of life. This technological growth happening in the world is increasingly rapid, with new advancements being made with each passing day. It has become an integral part in almost every person’s live, whether they realize it or not. Many find these technological advances to be beneficial and necessary to life, while some see it as simply a dist raction. Whatever opinion held, it can

Energy Concerns free essay sample

A discussion on whether countries participating in the World Summit for Sustainable Development should be allowed to implement strategies that do not impact the environment. This paper looks at how modern energy services are not available to 2.5 billion humans. Access to energy service aids economically by permitting longer hours for income generating activities, increasing job opportunities by allowing alternate uses of energy and decreases dependence on developed countries. While the writer of this paper agrees that availability of energy will ultimately contribute to a nations comparative advantage, he argues that if access were provided in the form of fossil fuels, this would promote rapid global warming and amplified air pollution. A large number of controversial opinions related to global warming, pollution and the need for renewable energy sources are mentioned in this paper. From August 26 to September 4, 2002, representatives from 190 nations including 104 Heads of State and Government, 700 companies including 50 CEOs, 9,000 delegates, 8,000 NGOs and 4,000 members of the press attended the World Summit on Sustainable Development , which took place outside of Johannesburg, South Africa. We will write a custom essay sample on Energy Concerns or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The last time leaders of the world met to address such issues, was 10 years ago in Rio de Janeiro. Although participants of the Rio conference had good intentions, not much has been done since that time to stabilize or reduce concerns.

Kite Runner - a Boy Who Wont Stand Up for Himself free essay sample

In spite of not being trained to do so, he had stood up for himself, and for others, but in a more cautious and diplomatic way; in contrast to Babas strong and heroic idea of standing up. In the course of his childhood, Amir had not been given many chances to stand up for himself. He lived as a boy under the wing of his fathers fame and influence, gaining attention and respect as â€Å"Babas son†. The results are quite obvious – at school he was â€Å"spared the metal rod treatment†, and in Amirs own words, it was also â€Å"the sole reason, I believe, Assef had mostly refrained from harassing me too much. In addition to that, he had Hassan backing him up in almost every other situation. In each nasty little crisis that Amir lands in, from minor bullying to the more serious threats, Hassan â€Å"steps in and fends them off. We will write a custom essay sample on Kite Runner a Boy Who Wont Stand Up for Himself or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † Having grown up with such sturdy protection, it would be quite reasonable to say that Amir cant stand up for himself, rather than â€Å"wont stand up for himself. † Hosseini shows in his novel that Amirs lack of experience in facing his own problems, in addition to his fathers negative view of himself, caused a rather serious inferiority complex within him, which continually reoccured in the course of his lifetime. Many a time Amir would compare himself to Baba â€Å"I hadnt turned out like him†, or to Hassan â€Å"I wasnt just slower than Hassan but clumsier too†, and in every case he would negate himself. This pitiful mentality seeped into Amirs way of thinking in relation to â€Å"standing up for himself†, as he accepted and submitted to Babas judgement of himself: a weakling and a coward. Because of this, when put in difficult situations, he would tell himself that â€Å"Baba was right† and use it as his cliche excuse: â€Å"Youre gutless. Its how you were made. Nevertheless, Amir had also had his corageous moments. In spite of his disapproving environment, his fathers disappointment, and his own criticism, a tiny flame burnt within him from childhood all the way to adulthood. On the first occasion when they had confronted Assefs gang, Amir said that â€Å"Hassan retreated behind me as the three older boys closed in. † Amir admits that he is afraid, but d espite that he manages to talk back to Assef, as bravely as he possibly can, as it is the only thing he is capable of doing. Hosseini shows us many times in the novel that Amir is an intelligent person. That, together with his quiet and studious nature that he probably inherited from his mother, gives him a more calm and systematic approach to solving problems. Amir knows best about his own physical weaknesses, so his way of standing up is not through violence. It could be said that he stood up for his father in the conflict with the Nguyens, by resolving the problem diplomatically. Another example was when he stood up for himself in relation to his own interests; when he went against Babas hopes and expectations and chose to â€Å"make up stories† after graduating. An interesting point that Hosseini presents here is how Amir relates this decision to his betrayal of Hassan, â€Å"I didnt want to sacrifice for Baba anymore. The last time I had done that, I had damned myself. † This highlights the fact that the true reason behind Amirs betrayal was not cowardice, but a gnawing desire to please Baba. Baba, on the other hand, was an extremely outgoing person. He was a wealthy, powerful, well-known, confident and self-sufficient man. Over and over in the novel, Hosseni creates many situations where Baba does his heroic, and sometimes rather obstinate, deeds. Wrestling the bear, building the orphanage, running a successful businesses, defying the Russian soldier, attacking Karim, working in America, refusing food stamps, handling the Nguyen case, all the way up to his own medication. It seemed as if his whole life was revolved around â€Å"standing up for himself†, or for other people. Looking at it from Amirs childhood view, it is certainly very heroic; but all his actions were based on his personal views, for â€Å"Baba saw the world in black and white. † His strong personal beliefs, supported by his insane strength and wide-spread influence, drew him to do many risky actions that, if analysed carefully, could have led to devastating results. As Amir said, â€Å"The problem was, his nature was going to get us all killed. † The stamp that Baba had placed on Amir was partly due to the visible difference between the two of them, and also due to what was expected of men in the Afghan culture at that time. Amir had mentioned the double-standard which favoured men, and along with it came the extra expectations. Baba was greatly perplexed by what he possibly considered the womanly traits of his son, because â€Å"real men didnt read poetry real men – real boys – played soccer just as Baba had when he had been young. † To Baba, real men were those who were strong, tough, and stood up to everything, and he visualised standing up in terms of fighting, challenging, and witholding justice. If that was what average men were supposed to be like, then certainly his own son would have been the champion of the lot. Unfortunately, Air did not live up to his expectations. His ways of standing up was different from his father; he took a more logical and careful approach. Babas standing up, on the other hand, may be heroic, but not always sensible. Baba had hoped that his son Amir would grow up to be a strong and determined fighter, so when Amir had turned out to be a quiet, peace-loving writer, it generated a huge amount of disappointment and regret within him. Because of this, it can be concluded that Babas statement â€Å"A boy who wont stand up for himself becomes a man who cant stand up to anything† is slightly biased, as it is mainly based on his personal defenition of standing up, which can be quite extreme in Babas case. Ironically, the many cases where Amir did not â€Å"stand up for himself† were mainly caused by Baba; either it was his social influence that had always provided de facto protection, or his belittling remark that had haunted Amir till adulthood, or else his extremely high expectations that Amir could not possibly live up to.

Top 10 Online Tools to Help You Write the Perfect Essay

Top 10 Online Tools to Help You Write the Perfect Essay Top 10 Online Tools to Help You Write the Perfect Essay Top 10 Online Tools to Help You Write the Perfect Essay By Ali Hale Writing essays can be tough and sometimes you need all the help you can get. The great news is that there are plenty of online tools that can help you write the best essay you can – and I’m going to be running through ten of the best. Before we get into the list, though, here’s a huge caveat. DO NOT use websites that write your essay for you. When I researched this blog post, I found (to my horror) lots of lists of â€Å"essay-writing tools† that linked to essay mills as if those were legitimate writing tools. These essay mills are websites that sell essays for $200 $500 each. Let’s be very clear: if you pay someone else for an essay and hand it in as your own work, that’s cheating. You could get into serious trouble – maybe even thrown off your course. Plus, you might get horribly ripped off. None of the tools in this post will help you cheat. All of them will help you write the best essay you can. Of course, there are times when all the online tools in the world can’t help: when you’re taking your exams. If that’s the case, check out 7 Essay Writing Tips To Ace Your Next Exam to help you. Here are ten tools that could help you with your next essay. I’ve split them into different categories of tools to help with planning and research, with writing, and with editing. Tools to Help You Plan and Research Your Essay Before you start to write an essay, you need to plan it (and probably do some research, unless you’re writing about a topic that you’ve already learned about extensively in lectures or in class). These tools will help you with the planning stage of the writing process. #1: Essay Map (free), from ReadWriteThink I’m a big fan of planning in advance – and this tool walks you through the process of planning an essay. You’re a bit limited by the format (three main ideas, each with three subpoints) – but if you’re new to planning, it could be a great place to begin. You can save your finished map onto the computer, If you prefer to work on paper, you can also print a blank map to fill in. Tip: This basic structure: introduction, conclusion, and three key points, each with supporting evidence, could work for other forms of writing too – like a blog post or article. #2: Evernote (free), from Evernote Corporation Evernote is like a set of online notebooks – where you can keep anything you like, from written notes to photos to videos. I keep all my work-related notes there, plus lots of administrative bits and pieces – it makes it really easy to find what I need. Because you can login and access it from any computer or device, Evernote could be a great place to keep ideas and rough plans for your upcoming essays. You can search all your notes for a particular word or phrase, so it’s easy to find things that you wrote weeks or even years ago. Tip: You can save whole webpages into Evernote at the click of a button if you use the Evernote Chrome extension. #3: JSTOR (paid), from ITHAKA JSTOR is an online archive of lots of different academic journals and books. Most universities have a paid subscription to it, so you can access it for free using your university credentials. You can search JSTOR by author, subject (keyword), or title. You can see a screenshot above of the first couple of results for my search for â€Å"Samuel Richardson† (my favourite 18th century novelist). Tip: If you don’t have access through your institution, you can sill access public domain resources on JSTOR for free, plus up to six articles per month – or you can pay for a â€Å"JPASS† for $19.50/month. Tools to Help You Write Your Essay Once you’ve got a plan for your essay, and you’ve gathered some useful books or journal articles to reference, it’s time to write. These tools will help you get that first draft down. #4: Freedom (paid), from Freedom This app and website blocker lets you block specific websites – great for when you want to focus but keep getting distracted. If you need access to the internet for other tools, that’s no problem: with Freedom, you can block specific sites (like Facebook and Twitter) or apps on your phone. You can also block the whole internet, if you want to. Once you’re running a Freedom session, if you try to visit a blocked site, it simply won’t show up. Freedom costs $6.99/month or $29/year: there’s a trial version available so you can give it a go before you buy, and there’s also a money-back guarantee. You can use Freedom on multiple devices at no extra cost. Tip: If you want a free alternative to Freedom, Cold Turkey is a good option (as is StayFocusd, but that only works on Chrome). #5: EndNote Basic (free), from Clarivate Analytics EndNote is one of the best-known reference managing tools and you can use it online for free. You can search online databases / library catalogues (the free version only gives access to ones from the British Library, the Library of Congress, the National Library of Medicine, and PubMed) or you can create a reference manually by filling in a form. If you have a number of different essays on the go, you might want to organise your references into different groups. Other students can also share their groups of references with you – useful if you want to collaborate with coursemates. Tip: You can pay for a full version of EndNote (or your university may provide it) if you want to use advanced features, like accessing far more research database and attaching the full text of PDF sources to your reference database. #6: The Oxford English Dictionary (paid), from Oxford University If you study literature, linguistics, or any subject where you want an authoritative take on the origin of words, the Oxford English Dictionary is a fantastic tool. You need to login and access it online – which you can usually do through your university or local library. Otherwise, you can purchase a monthly subscription as an individual – but it’s pretty pricy ($29.95 in the US, or  £56+VAT for three months in the UK). So definitely check with your university or local library first, to see if you can access it through them. Tip: The OED provides a lot more information than a standard dictionary, and entries might look a bit overwhelming at first. You can â€Å"Hide all† quotations, which makes them a bit more manageable if you don’t need the quotations or if you’re hunting through a few different words to figure out which one you want! #7: Google Timer, from Google It can be really tough to stay focused when you’re writing, even with distracting websites blocked. Sitting down and planning to write for a whole morning or afternoon doesn’t work well for most people – you simply can’t concentrate on an essay for that long at a stretch. I like to use timers when I’m writing, to keep me focused and to break my writing session into short chunks. Around 30 – 45 minutes works well. (If you’re on a roll, you can always set the timer for another writing burst straightaway). While the timer’s running you’re writing! To set a timer in Google, simply search for â€Å"set a timer for X minutes† – e.g. â€Å"set a timer for 10 minutes†. The timer will appear on the screen and start automatically. WriteToDone has a bunch more tips on time management for writers. Tools to Help You Edit Your Essay Once your essay is written, you’re not done you still need to edit. It’s a very good idea to separate the drafting process from the editing process, and if you’ve done that, your first draft may well be a little rough and ready in places. These tools will all help you get it into shape. #8: Grammarly (free), from Grammarly Grammarly uses artificial intelligence to help you with grammar, spelling and style. You can turn it on and use it as you write – which can be very helpful for things like emails – but if you’re writing an essay, you might prefer to draft first then use Grammarly afterwards. It’s available as a Chrome plugin, and as a download for MS Office, so you can use it online or offline. Grammarly will flag up mistakes (like typos) but it’ll also spot places where you’ve used more words than you need or where you’ve used vague language. As you can see above, you can click on an underlined work to see Grammarly’s recommendation for fixing it – clicking the â€Å"See more in Grammarly† link gives you more details about what’s wrong, helping you to get things right next time.   #9: Hemingway (free), from Hemingway App The Hemingway app works in a similar way to Grammarly, though with a focus on style and readability rather than on spotting typos and misused words. It’s named after the American novelist Ernest Hemingway, who was known for his clear, concise writing. You can access the app without logging in, simply by going to the website: copy or type in your chosen text. It encourages you to avoid overly complex words and sentence structures: don’t feel that you need to change all of these (particularly in an academic essay, where a certain level of complexity is desirable!) – but do check any flagged words or sentences to make sure you’re happy with them, and that you don’t want to switch to a simpler alternative. Tip: You can download the Hemingway app for PC or Mac, rather than using it online – but it’ll cost you $19.99. #10: Thesaurus.com (free), from Dictionary.com Do you ever struggle to find quite the right word? It happens to me a lot: I know what I want to say, but I can’t think of the very best way to say it. Or, I’ll have used a particular word already and I want to avoid using it too often (the principle of elegant variation). A great way to broaden your vocabulary is to use a thesaurus to look up words with a similar meaning to the not-quite-right one that you’ve already got. Do make sure, of course, that you don’t simply pick a different word that you like the sound of: you want to get the one that precisely conveys your thoughts. Tip: If you want to find some options for the opposite of a word, Thesaurus.com can do that too – scroll down past the list of synonyms to the antonyms. What tools do you use to help you write better essays? Have I missed something off the list that you’d highly recommend? Pop a comment below to tell us about it. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Grammar Test 1Try to vs. Try andHow Verbs Become Adjectives

101 Exam Review Professor Ramos Blog

101 Exam Review Prejudice Quick Write What have we learned about Diversity? Prejudice Exam Review In small groups, come up with 3-4 lessons, readings, activities, etc. that helped you improve the most as a writer. Also, one reading that we should get rid of, if any. Questions to answer for exam review. What was the best lesson? What was the best reading? What was the hardest essay? What lesson helped you learn the most? What reading taught you something new? What was the worst lesson? What was the worst reading? What was the hardest reading? What was your favorite part of the class? What was your least favorite part of the class? Final Exam The final exam will be posted tonight on Canvas. You can take it in class on Wednesday or anytime before that on Canvas.

History of African Americans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

History of African Americans - Essay Example In order to represent the black population, a number of terms have used in the history of United States such as Blacks, Africans, Afro- American, colored, Negro and the African American. Actually the accurate proportion of these African Americans is not known in the existing population of United States. During past three centuries a remarkable racial mixture took place in United States, not only with the people having African ancestry but with other ethnic backgrounds as well such as Europeans and Indian descents. In times gone by, the major approach about ethnic group association within the United States was that people bearing some colored African descent were believed to beAfricanAmerican. Laws have also been formulated in some parts of United States just like in antebellum South, in order to define ethnic association in this regard, by and large, to the disadvantage of non- Caucasian. Notably, though, those physical traits and descent backgrounds are merely a fraction of actual r easons that have placed African Americans separately as a diverse group. (Gilbert, 2009) Over a period of about 350 years, from the early 1500's to the mid-1800, slave traders forcibly transported approximately 12 million Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. Of this number, about 8 percent, or approximately 1 million, were brought to North America (after 1619). The rest went to the islands of the Caribbean and the shores of Central and South America. European slave traders working out of western Africa collected the slaves. They took millions of Africans in exchange for guns, iron, beads, silks and other cloths, knives, basins, mirrors, and the like. The slaves were sold to colonial plantation owners in the Americas. (Baldwin, 2008) Outcomes The outcome of this phase was that even without the legitimate status and negative impacts of the local trade of slaves, the African American Families managed somehow to retain the conventional aspects of the ways which arranged the relationships between the elders and children. The influences of the African religious beliefs, customs and traditions were quite obvious, which were reflected by a prominent level of religious activities among the slaves, this also helped to distinguish their point of view about themselves from their owner's. These deep rooted relations with the religion enabled the blacks to establish a number of churches outside the South and later created the black Baptist churches due to the further divisions within Protestantism. Apart from the above the another significant quantifiable measure was the African Methodist Episcopal Church, founded by Richard Allen in Philadelphia and 1787, which was previously referred to as the Free African Society. (Baldwin, 2008) Religious Intolerance The religion in 17th century was a comprehensive power that assisted community to suffer the adversities and forfeits of everyday living in community. Moreover, colonial religiosity

Microsoft and its investment in Ireland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Microsoft and its investment in Ireland - Essay Example A lot of work is done in Ireland unit of Microsoft which ranges from software development to operations, finance to localization, marketing etc (Microsoft, 2011). The first significant investment done by Microsoft since its inception in Ireland was the establishment of the EMEA Operation Centre. The European development centre which is the research and development centre for entire Microsoft Europe was established in 1988. The research and development work for the large range of products like windows, MS Office, Windows Live, Forefront, XBOX, MSN etc. About five hundred people are employed in this centre. This centre provides a vast variety of activities which ranges from customer support to providing business services, manufacturing to financial activities, billing, supply chain management activities etc. This is one of the important investments made by Microsoft in Ireland. The second significant investment done by Microsoft Ireland during the early nineties was setting up the â₠¬ËœSales, Marketing and Service Group’. The group offering sales, marketing and other related services are operating in Microsoft Ireland since 1991. The main activity of this group is to do the total sales and market the products and the services to all the customers and other business partners across Ireland. The customer group ranges from small personal computer user to business enterprises. This group comprises of a varied group of professional such as sales professionals, marketing professionals, technicians, and finance professionals etc who with their special skills and experience add value to the organization and its products and services. This was a very special and... It is evident from the study that globalization has paved the way for companies to invest and expand across the international frontiers. Companies generally expand to various countries to tap the favourable business condition of the foreign land. Foreign investments not only influence the business prospects of the foreign company but also have a strong impact on the overall economic, social and technological performance of the host country. In other words foreign direct investments influence the performance of the company as well as the performance of the country too. Foreign investments are generally made in that country which has good business prospects in other words where the company can expect good returns and where the business is hassle free. On the other hand a country also encourages foreign direct investments in those sectors which is expected to support and promote the overall development of the economy as well as the generation of employment. From the year 1985 Microsoft has started its business in Ireland and after then the country becomes an important base for Microsoft. Microsoft has continued to invest more and more in the country as the revenue from the country also increased. In the 1990s Ireland becomes an attractive country for the multinational companies for doing business especially the information technology based companies as the Irish government has started many policies, as a result of which the population become more educated and the education was more industry oriented.

Caris Story Essay Example for Free

Caris Story Essay How could an infection in Cari’s nasal passage and pharynx spread into her sinuses? The pharynx connects to the nasal meatuses, which can in turn cause an infection. Which structures found in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli normally would protect Cari’s lungs from infectious pathogens and particulate matter? Macrophages in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli protect Cari’s lungs. How would Cari’s lung compliance (the effort required to expand the lungs) be altered as her alveoli fill with fluid due to pneumonia? Her lung compliance will increase because of trying to force gases in and out of the alveoli. The lungs are filled with fluid due to pneumonia. How does the elevation of Cari’s respiratory rate alter her minute ventilation? Her respiratory rate would rise due to shallow breaths. Normal blood oxygen saturation levels are greater than 94 percent; Cari’s blood oxygen saturation level was 90 percent at the time of her exam and initial arterial blood gas analysis done when she was admitted to the hospital revealed her arterial PO2 was 55mmHG. How do these clinical findings relate to the internal respiration in Cari’s body? The arteries have too much oxygen. A normal resting level should be around 94% without any additional oxygen. How would you have expected Cari’s decreased PCO2 and alkaline blood pH to have affected her breathing? Her rate of breathing would also decrease. Which anatomical structures in Cari’s respiratory system were initially involved? Nasal cavity, external/internal nares, nasopharynx, pharynx, and sinuses. Which damaging effects of tobacco smoke led to Cari’s impaired respiratory defense mechanisms? The cilia and villi begin to become hardened and die; they wouldn’t be able to filter particles through the nasal cavity, which would lead to the mucosal membrane drying out from the cigarette smoke. The lungs would then lose elasticity from over inflation of the lungs trying to supply enough air to the rest of the body.

Definition Essay - Defining Professionalism -- Expository Definition E

Defining Professionalism Academics believe that professional occupations are those that are full-time occupations, have a commitment to a calling, have formalized organization, are based on specialized education of exceptional duration and difficulty, exhibit a service orientation, and are autonomous. Students feel that a professional is anyone who acts in a professional way and has creditable knowledge of their field. The two are vying for increased recognition in the elite group known as professionals. The academic community wishes to restrict the values of professionalism’s definition. Society wishes to let itself into the professional community by broadening those values. Each side seeks its own best interests in an eternal power struggle. What exactly is the proper definition of professionalism? Also, once a definition is found, how is it enforced? The academic community seems to have settled on a definition, however it differs largely from that of the college students surveyed. The college students, though they are pre-professionals, have a view that is very relaxed, allowing more fields to be considered professional. According to Wilbert E. Moore, The Professions: Rules and Roles, professionalism entails these six values: Full-time occupation, a commitment to a calling, has a formalized organization, is based on specialized education of exceptional duration and difficulty, exhibits a service orientation, and is autonomous. Because of this, occupations such as doctors and lawyers would be considered professional, however, computer programmers would not be professional since they do not have a formal organization overseeing the occupation, or a corporate CEO is also not ... ...and training, it should be deemed professional. Though the academic community attempts to regulate the standards of professionalism, it is the general public who has the last say. Academics may be professionals, but they are not autonomous with regards to the interpretation of the language. Society disagrees with the definition of professionalism; they disagree with the community that regulates professionalism. The academic definition goes against society’s best interest. Because of this, there will always be a disagreement. A compromise will not be reached. Academics will always support values that limit the membership of the elite group they will always be a part of. Society seeks broad values that will provide membership for all. Until the two can agree it is simply disputed territory, like two countries in an relentless struggle for power.

The Effects of Cyber Bullying

Cyberbullying is defined as deliberately attempting to upset someone; cyberbullying can happen via a number numerous ways. With all different forms of social media, whether it be Twitter, Facebook, or even, Instagram, cyberbullying can occur. Bullying effects our communities. Kids that are bullied appear likely to experience anxiety, depression, loneliness, unhappiness, and sleep deprivation. Yet, while the victim might appear passive, it stands imperative that the parent may not. When a parent takes part in his or her child’s social media, it makes it harder for his or her child to be made fun of because their parents watch over them.A parent can stand as the ultimate counselor a child needs when getting bullied. Real life bullying stops when that final bell rings, but cyberbullying continues outside of the classroom. People will bully someone because they want to lower another person’s self-esteem. But bullying can do more than that! Bully victims appear two to nine t imes more likely to consider suicide. Victims go through this depression where they cannot feel anything except worthlessness. Actions of cyberbullying does not only happen on the social media, it happens through texting as well.More than likely, another student harasses and bashes another student just for their own self amusement. The person never stops to consider the thoughts of his or her victims. Cyberbullying causes depression, school phobia, social anxiety, not wanting to leave the house, and, even thoughts of suicide. Most often cyberbullying may appear as a touchy subject that students must learn how to properly handle and get the help they need. Kids going though this harassment can feel at their lowest then have the harassment to pile on to it.When it comes to cyberbullying, they often are motivated by anger, revenge, or frustration. Sometimes they do it for entertainment or because they appear bored and have too much time on their hands. Many do it for laughs, or to get a reaction, but some do it by accident, that person sends a message to the wrong recipient, or he or she do not think before he or she acts. Power-hungry people do it to torment others and social popularity. Revenge of the nerd may start out as defending themself from traditional bullying only to find that he or she enjoys being the tough guy.Mean girls do it to help bolster, or remind people, of their own social standing. Some think they are justifying the wrong and standing up for others. In general, cyberbullies have their own motives on why they are involved in cyberbullying. Some of their intentions have been identified as anonymity, power, attention, retaliation, boredom, jealousy, and the pleasure of inflicting pain. Numerous people who participate in cyber bullying do it to make themselves feel better. Bullies tend to have much insecurity, but they hide them through insulting others. There are many ways to overcome cyberbullying.He, or she, may just want to click â€Å"dele te† on every hateful email, text, or IM. However, this may not appear as the right motive because there may come a time when this bully needs to get reported, and he or she will need all the evidence right there in front of him or her. To prevent bullying one must save and print each and every mean thing they send. The day will come, when he or she will need this evidence. If the person receives a â€Å"bully† message, never get more involved than needed. Replying to that hurtful comment will only worsen the problem. When all else fails, get others involved.Let Parents or teachers know about the situation. Most likely, they can track the IP address, and get the exact location of the attacker. A cyberbully stands as nothing when they do not behind their internet mask. Talking to them about it upfront, might even scare them away. If this person seems not to be intimidated, or issues more violent or humiliating threats, contact an adult to intervene. Bullying of any kind a ppears illegal in most states. After letting a parent into the situation, allow them to contact the bully's parents. Cyberbullying can happen to anyone and anyone can overcome it as well.

A personalised induction is important

A personalized Induction will always be more effective August 2014 Word count: For this essay I have been asked to look at and discuss why or why not a personalized Induction Is more effective. For this I have looked at what was learnt In class, the theoretical concepts & techniques. I have also looked at historical and modern hypnotherapies views on inductions. Personally I believe that a personalized Induction Is a vital part of giving the most effective treatment that Is based on the Individuals own needs for reason that are explained In this assignment.This essay ill argue but evidence that a personalized induction is more successful in benefiting your client and in offering a more successful treatment unless in a group setting. With a group setting you are not making the client feel important or are catering for that Individuals needs. Every human being Is different, therefore we need to take into account likes/dislikes, values and perspectives along with their cultural backgrou nds, religions and beliefs to achieve the best results possible.Much of the way that human beings communicate with each other is in ways other Han the spoken word; body language, facial expressions, gestures, tone of voice and so on make up some of the non verbal ways of getting information across. In contrast to this during hypnosis the therapist has very few of the above techniques available; the client would usually have their eyes shut and so non verbal communications are not possible; It is solely about the voice, the words used and how they are used, Including the tone of the practitioners voice.Many people coming for treatment for the first time have their own beliefs, many people still believe that you are put into an unconscious state and many individuals still think of stage hypnosis. With these beliefs and anxieties, It Is important to build a trusting relationship and a good rapport with your client prior to any treatment to allay any fears and anxieties they may have.Al ways remember to enquire about the medical history with regards to mental health issues – depression – epilepsy – high blood pressure – the elderly or By completing a thorough professional introduction, assessment and induction in a comfortable setting you are reassuring your client that you know what you are doing and that. They can then believe in you and feel more comfortable. It is also beneficial to give the client information on hypnotherapy, its background and the process.You should be informing the client that you are not making them do anything, that they are fully in control at all times and by using the power of their subconscious mind the results are of their own making. We are only giving them the tools to enable those results. By this time your client should be feeling more comfortable and relaxed. Once your client is fully informed you can then look to provide a service that is tailor dad for that individual, ensuring the best possible outc ome for them.Background information is important at the assessment stage, finding out about things they like or dislike can have a huge impact on the treatment and can also be introduced into their induction. For example if a person has a fear of heights then you would not suggest them sitting on a big white fluffy cloud high up in the bright blue sky, whereas if your client likes something or has a good memory it would be good to introduce this into the induction. This memory could be of a place they have visited lone or with others or even a color that makes them feel good.Body language plays a huge part in communicating with others but the therapist needs to remember that body language is not possible in hypnotherapy as your clients eyes are normally closed. Using and controlling your voice is therefore vital, you can do this by speaking clearly, altering your tone and pace and emphasizing words. If we look at historical hypnotherapies there is evidence there to say that a person alized induction is important to your clients successful treatment.Dave Leman was born in 1900, he was ware of hypnosis due to his father's interest in the subject, when Dave was 8 yr old his father was diagnosed with cancer. Dive's father enlisted the help of a friend and received hypnosis for pain relief during his illness, Dave saw that this benefited his father greatly and became interested in this form of treatment. After his father's death Dave began using hypnosis as part of stage shows, in one show where he had to go solo as his colleague did not attend a group of doctors were watching in the audience.They later asked Dave to teach them, from this day forward Dave taught hypnosis until his death aged 67. If we look at Erikson he said † I think it is tremendously important that you observe everything that is possible and then if you want to use hypnosis you know how to verbalism your suggestions to influence your patient to elicit their response. [1] Erickson [2] recogn ized that every individual is different so they should all be treated as such. Yet Clark Hull [3] that he did not consider it important to involve his clients in their therapy, he neither believed the existence of a special state (trance) during hypnosis.By thoroughly assessing your linen and using the assessment tools provided in class you will know which approach is best for your client, you will also know their goals and what results they want to achieve. At the assessment stage you should be observing your clients color of clothing, their breathing and their lateral eye movement. This will all assist you in choosing the right creed for your client. In class we discussed the different approaches that can be used in hypnotherapy treatment, we learn about the assessment will benefit from the authoritarian screed, others will benefit from the remissive.The Authoritarian approach: this is where you would tell or direct your client in a firmer manner. The screeds will be logical, givi ng no choices, only directions. Authoritarian style can seem a little harsh to some but can be very effective if done correctly. For example you would introduce the following into the authoritarian screed: I want you to shut your eyes now, make yourself comfortable, using your powerful subconscious, you are fully in control etc. Freud used the authoritarian approach but found resistance from clients, Clients ignored certain memories so therapy was not so successful.There is also the submissive approach where you are making it more of a suggestion in a softer tone. The submissive approach is gentle and gives the client choices. The client that prefers this approach is much more open to using their imagination; this approach makes them feel safe and able to enhance the experience for them. The permissive style is nurturing and caring Examples for the submissive approach would be: You make feel your eyes growing heavy, you might like to close your eyes, you may want to make yourself mo re comfortable. The client feels in control and much more relaxed.In class we also looked at assessing the clients Modality and their lateral eye movements. Modalities refers to the way in which our brain processes the information that it receives; which of our senses are the most prominent, dictating which type of modality we lean towards most. We also looked at lateral eye movements. Lateral eye movements came about after studies conducted in the sass's by Paul Began, a psychologist. It was his belief that different types of thinking would elicit different eye movements. These are tot set in stone as they can differ with a small portion of individuals who may opposite handed.With the modalities there are five but in hypnotherapy we only use three: Auditory, Visual and Kinesthesia. Kinesthesia is about feeling, internal emotions and external as in touching/feeling. A kinesthesia would feel the fabric or pick up on someone's feelings quite easily. You would introduce words such as w arm, solid, gentle etc. Their lateral eye movements would be down to the right. Posture would be rounded shoulders, relaxed and breathing deeply. Nina screed you would introduce words like smooth, warm, solid, touch etc.Auditory is about listening and sounds, these people love to chat. They listen to sounds that may include music and speech but will also imagine sounds. When an auditory person talks it almost sounds melodic. They are also very sensitive to sounds and noise. In their screeds you would introduce words such as imagine, look, watch etc. Their lateral eye movements would be straight ahead as if staring into space if defocus, if they are forming images in their mind then they would be up to the right and if remembering images then they loud be looking to the left.Auditory Often tilt their head to one side and at times will have rhythmic body movements. Visual is about seeing, these people are creative and can use their imagination far easier. These people love to daydream and fantasies. They can visual color, patterns and shapes in their mind. With this modality you would use words such as loud, listen and hear etc. Their lateral eye movements would be to the right if constructing sounds but if remembering sounds then they would be to the left. Visual people have a less relaxed body stance and ore often than not of a slighter build.By assessing which modality a person is you comfortable and relaxed. You can then introduce the other modalities into the session but it is good to start with the modality they are more in tune with. I have practiced both personalized and non personalized inductions and my findings have been a definite yes to the personalized induction process. I currently work in the prison service as a specialist drug worker, I am extremely lucky that I have sixty clients that I work closely with. I have had the opportunity to try both approaches on.With the personalized induction completed on Clients that I have spent the effort with t o build up a rapport and trust with I have explained the process thoroughly and given them the best treatment suited to their personality and their needs. They have given me feedback, they report to never having experienced the feeling of such relaxation and contentment and did not want it to end. They also reported to have slept better and woken up feeling refreshed the following morning. They have requested further sessions and feel that they are greatly benefiting from it, bearing n mind that I work with prolific substance users I cannot be happier.

buy custom Academic Life essay

buy custom Academic Life essay An internship is part of the most important aspects in ones academic life. It is a chance to open up beyond the academic world and encounter the real aspect of practical applications in life. The importance of an internship also lays in the fact that the student is presented with a chance to practically apply the theoretical methods previously received from the tutor in class. It is aimed at promoting the personal, civic and professional development in a student. Creativity, ability to reason beyond the constraints, and high standards communication skills are all best cultivated in an internship (Mary Sweitzer, 2009, pg7). In this paper we are going to analyze the report by Kimberly J and Zhao J. industry internships; feedback from participating faculties and industry executives. This study is about a research carried out on internship in the hospitality industries on students, executives and their respective universities. It brings out the main ingredients expected in any internship and the subsequent response by the concerned parties on various issues relating o the internship. Te report involves a sample of 42 students from 28 universities; their experiences, observations, feedback as well as the recommendations given by the students. The research objective in this report was to establish the success of internships in promoting supplementary learning mainly on practical issues to students. It was also aimed at establishing the level of corporation from the students institutions and the respective organizations in the hospitality industries; in which the report was based in facilitating an effective intern period to the students. A good internship is a partnership between the school, student and the institution. It should be planned so as to present the student with challenging projects and tasks coupled with adequate supervision and guidance.Thus the objective of this research was to prove this fact and the extent of compliance. The design in this research is set such that to get the response to students who go to the internship through their factors. The assumption that faculties are more knowledgeable on matters pertaining thee organizations in their discipline seems a good assumption so as to give the research a feasible and directional way of doing the sampling through the facultys guidance. This is an important factor from the argument that those who secure private internships may have varied reasons for choosing the specific organization. This may range from the attractiveness, the amount of payment obtained and other subjective reasons that may not be measurable. A good research design is supposed to be situational in that it reflects the settings of the particular organization, feasible in that it can be practically implemented and a sign of flexibility allowed in improving its variability. The flexibility in this research is observed where the candidates were allowed to pass the research materials to others who were not under the CHRIE plan. By a alerting the specific restaurant industries of their aim to carry out the specific research about the internships they offer, then the researchers prepared in advance those who were expected to be involved in this research and this makes the research even more credible. Buy custom Academic Life essay

RANDOMNESS

RANDOMNESS Nathan Bransford wrote recently about the randomness of bestsellers. In other words, there isnt some magical power that preordains the qualities of a story that breaks records and defies the odds. Sometimes a perfect storm just comes together. Like the mega waves he describes at sea, the ones that appear from nowhere and make a huge impression in that vast, monstrous water, they just happen and cant be fore casted. http://blog.nathanbransford.com/2012/06/randomness-of-bestsellers.html And yet, we keep trying to understand the process. Whats worse,in my opinion, and this is a BIG gripe with me, is that we also bash traditional publishers for producing books that do not do well. Thats talking out of both sides of our mouths. We try to think we can duplicate bestseller status, and really learn how to define the path to such a level, as if there was a manual somewhere. That logic should also mean that if we can predict great books, then we know enough to avoid a bad one. The deal is, people, is that we can only write our best.Publishers can only attempt to predict what will sell. eaders can only pretend to recognize a debut book as a bestseller. The fact is that nobody has mastered how to make a bestseller. There is no HOW TO WRITE A BESTSELLER FOR DUMMIES. Just spoke to someone this week who justified self-publishing Hes only trying to assuage his own conscience, the one thats attempting to rationalize into a hazy reality that he probably has no chance with traditional publishing. So he says theyve lost touch, can no longer produce quality material, thus leaving him no choice but to proceed with self-publishing since it has equal credibility. This is my reality . . . and my explanation of publishing: The more seasoned, experienced people who lay their eyes and hands on your manuscript, the better the book. Note, I did not say traditional or self-published. Multiple layers of review and decision making goes into traditional publishing. If you self-publish, make sure you put the same degree of attention into your manuscript as a traditional publishing house would put into it. Hire editors. Hire a cover designer. Hire a for matter. That is, unless you are experienced yourself. That doesnt mean read instructions and learn as you go. Sure, you CAN learn as you go, but do not go it alone. Youll never see the landmines, no matter how many blog posts you read about the business. This business isnt about randomness. Its about diligence and focus to detail. Nothing is fool-proof. Failure exists. Less than satisfactory happens. But your odds improve the more experience you put into your books development, writing,and promotion. Instead of trying to orchestrate a bestseller, just write your best. Then recognize what you should and should not do. Be daring in your writing. Be grounded in your publishing, no matter which route you take.

Fractions, Decimals, and Percents Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fractions, Decimals, and Percents - Assignment Example ood the concept properly and are able to convert decimals into percent equivaslent and pecent equivalent to decimals, he will assign more 10 questions for indidual practice. The teacher will end the lesson by saying, â€Å"Today we learnt about conversion of decimals into percent equivalents and percent to decimals†. Then he wil ask the students to explain the process to him. As the students are doing the 10 questions, the teacher will move around the class evaluating each student’s understanding of the concept. He will review the concept with students who have not understood properly and arrange for further coaching. Out of the 20 students in the class, 17 students met the lesson objective i.e. they were able to solve 8 out of 10 questions correctly. However, 3 students performed below expectation with two scoring 7/10 and the third one scoring 6/10. Use of more interactive website such as http://www.aaamath.com would help the 3 student understand the concept properly. Extra coaching time should be allocated to ensure the 3 students properly understand the concept. Hard outs and charts were very useful tools for teaching decimals and percentages. After introducing the topic, the students had some difficulties compreheading how to convert decimals into percentage and vice versa. By just using numbers and doing some examples on the chalk board, some students could not clearly comprehend the concept. The hard out came in hardy as it explained concept in word while the chart gave examples that were also explained in words. The chart explained simple problems first then progressed to complex ones thereby enhancing the flow of the lesson. In addition to just having problem written in numbers, the chart explained the numbers in words which made it easier for students to understand. To make the concept well understood, I showed the student a complete fraction circle. Then I devided the circle into two halves. Since the students had a clear understanding of

Extended School Year in New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvannia Research Paper

Extended School Year in New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvannia - Research Paper Example Perhaps the greatest finding of the commission’s report was the fact that students present in other democratic countries (especially industrialized nations) were expected to take up to two times as much instructions in core academic areas during the course of a high school year than students being taught in high schools across the United States. (NECTL, 1994) 2. Relating Time and Learning Investigations into time and learning reveal that the amount of time spent on learning and the total learning acquired are directly related. Learning is affected consistently in a powerful manner based on the time allocated to learning. Moreover it has been found that schools that devote greater student time to learning tend to produce students with greater test scores in comparison to schools where student’s time is used up in other activities. (Walberg, Extended Learning Time, 1991) (Walberg, 1988) On the other hand there is no clear relationship between the amount of time allocated for instructing students in a school and the amount of time that students are engaged in various kinds of learning activities. Research carried out on the issue of time spent by students in school reveals that time is just one constituent that is required to ensure learning for students. This also indicates that merely increasing the time spent in schools is unlikely to produce any major changes in the amount of learning of students. The relationship between the amount of time spent and achievement does not present a strong case. Hence it is apparent that by only increasing the amount of time spent in schools will not produce large gains in learning by students. Therefore policy makers cannot expect to increase the amount of time spent in instructing students either in school days or school years in order to justify tremendous increases in learning. Another aspect often brought to light by most researchers is that the utilization of time is far more important than simple increases i n the time spent in school by students. As mentioned before mere mechanical increases in time are not likely to produce any major changes in the amount of learning or in academic achievement. However even then certain states are adding more and more time to their class times with some states adopting the school day approach while others adopt the school year approach. Based on these arguments it is pertinent to realize that time spent in the classroom should be optimized further in order to maximize learning in the classroom. This in turn leads to the question: How do aspects of learning and academic achievement get affected as time in the classroom is increased due to extended school year periods? Moreover should such a system be enforced in New Jersey, Delaware and Pennsylvania? 3. Findings 3.1. Academic Achievement The effects of prescribing an extended day or year program for classrooms was only the subject of a very few studies that were reviewed. However the few pertinent stud ies reviewed indicated that some issues were worth noting. A study conducted on 181 kindergarten students was structured that one half received conventional schooling while the other half received extended year programs at school. The study examined the effect of additional school days on the children’

Designing Public Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Designing Public Policy - Essay Example 1 Toward a Gender-Neutral Policy: Protecting the Rights of Men Executive Summary Overview of Problem - Domestic violence rates in the U.K. have remained high despite laws aimed at criminalizing domestic violence and increasing the reporting of violent offenses to the police. Domestic violence is the cause of as much as 25 percent of all reported violent crime (British Crime Survey report, 2007-08). Surveys from the Home Office and a British Crime Survey have revealed that men were the victims in more than 40 percent of domestic violence incidents reported between 2004 and 2009. Yet cultural biases and gender pressures prohibit men from reporting acts of violence against them from women. â€Å"Domestic violence is often seen as a female victim/male perpetrator problem, but the evidence demonstrates that this is a false picture,† said a 2010 report from the charity group Parity. Outline of the Problem Introduction - This paper proceeds from the understanding that domestic violen ce as a whole – and violence against men in particular - represents a far more pervasive problem than is reflected in current government policy. This perspective provides the basis for a discussion of constraints, and of opportunities, to strengthen the rights of male domestic violence victims in the U.K. Recent proposals and subsequent inhibiting factors will be discussed, followed by the presentation of a targeted policy initiative. 2 Context: Summary and Identification of Impacted Group - The intent of this paper is to recommend a program for adopting a more equitable policy stance vis a vis improved victim advocacy for men. The outcome of a more enlightened approach would be heightened awareness of a far more troublesome issue than has generally been understood. As the government moves ahead with a test program intended to better protect domestic violence victims, policy should reflect a more balanced approach to gender –based violence. Otherwise, men will be vulne rable to what may well amount to cursory justice. Cause of the Problem: Impact of Current Conditions - In 2009, the Labour Party announced its intention to give police unprecedented authority in domestic violence situations. Their proposal included Domestic Violence Protection Orders, also known as Go orders, which would require violent offenders to leave their homes immediately for up to two weeks, giving victims a respite during which they could reflect on their situation in safety and determine a course of action. Offenders who violate the terms of a Go order would be in contempt of court, subject to further criminal charges and could be incarcerated. Previously, only offenders placed under arrest could be removed from the premises. A Go order would give police extensive discretionary power to act on behalf of a victim believed to be in imminent danger. Despite its non-gender-specific language, the scheme has been criticized for giving police too much leeway to act based on confl icting information and 3 possibly spurious claims made at the scene of the crime. This is troubling in light of the fact that police, in general, have too little training to accurately assess and react to often confusing circumstances surrounding a domestic violence event. Men continue to be responsible for domestic violence incidents by a considerable amount, however, the 2009 study revealed that violence against men rose considerably between 2004 and 2008. Nearly 3,000

The French Revolution Essay Example for Free

The French Revolution Essay The events leading to the French Revolution are quite obvious. 30 million people living in France, most living in small, rural villages while less than a million people lived in Paris. The population was growing rapidly but the economy was not. The previous king had spent too much money fighting wars and the national debt was staggering. There was an obvious rift between classes; peasants were starving while the noble class continued to live opulent lifestyles. At the beginning of the Revolution, after the storming of the Bastille, the French monarch attempted to clean up their finances and a representative government was created, complete with a Declaration of Rights. This phase was led by the Third Estate of the Estates General. A legislative assembly was formed, and war was declared on Austria and Prussia. It was at the end of this phase in 1792 when King Louis XVI was forced to flee the throne. The second phase of the Revolution is known as the National Convention. After the death of the king in the beginning of 1793,the economy did not improve. This led to riots and counter-revolutionary activities which led toâ€Å"The Reign of Terror â€Å", run by Maximilen Robespierre. A committee for public safety was created, which arrested people for committing crimes, sometimes as small as stealing food, and sent them to the guillotine. Almost 17,000 people were be-headed during this time. In 1795, after the execution of Robespierre, a new constitution was created along with a new legislature. The French were tired of fighting and suffering, so despite distrusting the new legislature, called the Directory, most were willing to accept these changes. The Revolution ended in 1799, thanks to the military direction of Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military leader who eventually became the Emperor of France. He spent the first years of the Revolution fighting on the French island of Corsica. When he came to mainland France, he continued to fight for the Republicans. His military career, along with his popularity, had many ups and downs. He led military campaigns in Italy, Egypt and other countries and often had differences with higher ranking military officials. Napoleon became Emperor of France in 1804, five years after the revolution ended, essentially reinstating a type French monarchy. Over the course of ten years, he led more battles across Europe, divorced and re-married, and had the Pope imprisoned when he attempted to ex-communicate Bonaparte. Napoleon abdicated the throne in 1814 to his son, and was sent into exile, which he later escaped and was finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815. He died in 1821 under British surveillance.

Free Essays - I Found Timelessness :: Personal Narrative, Descriptive Essay

I Found Timelessness    Today, waiting on the schoolhouse steps, I saw something I had never seen before. My back against the warm brick wall, in happy prospect, I stared abstracted towards the red-orange of autumn on a tree. At the very center of my concentration was a single leaf; a torn yellow-green, not even red yet. But it fell. I saw the precise moment of release - the instant the leaf actually disconnected from the branch. It was the brevity of perfection. Partition in sunderance, an umbilicus severed, a future unlatched; an end and a beginning. There was an eternity within; the filial unity, the brief struggle for escape, then the sudden absence of support; and from an empathic vicariousness I found myself within.    I found my entire life in the transience of an instant; I sat up, in respect and humility. The leaf swung in descending pendulum. I rose to grab it, then stopped. I was standing in a small pile of wet and shredded leaves. The leaf, lifted by a breeze, slowed, suspended, paused then rolled over on itself. I knew that one day this leaf too, would crumble into a crust of sinew and stem - so I let the leaf continue, rising upward.    The leaf waltzed in an orbit around itself. Others fell around it, but I kept my attention. This leaf was lighter. It took its time. The torn yellow leaf, because of its shape, spun differently than the rest. The leaf was continually tossed up in irregular oscillations, gaining further distance, until it came near the wall of the building. As the wind approached the brick schoolhouse, the air was forced up and over, trying to pull the leaf along with it.    The leaf reached up, against gravity, and against the lacerated shreds below. It hung, pulled up and down by destiny and self-aspiration.

Food and Agricultural challenges Essay

â€Å" Food is our body’s fuel and without fuel it will be shut down† Food is indeed the elixir of life. Food, presently, has become one amongst the most common and imperative needs of a living being along with shelter and clothing. In other words, it has befallen to be one of the most common needs of a living being. As people improved their standard of living, they resort to newer trend in food too. Food is now a factor that decides the status of a person. . When did the quest for food really begin ? It is unanswerable. Probably, it may be since the emergence of the early man. The early man ate fruits and threw their seeds off. When they saw the seeds germinate into plants, they decided to start agriculture which at that time was just to raise seeds. This, happened about thousands of years ago and agriculture that took birth. As a result, this brought about great changes in the socio – economic condition of the Homo sapiens. It was one of the most remarkable incidents in the history of human being. Thus, began the quest for food via agriculture. Generation by generation, modern technologies and modern methods were evolved. Today, we have the most sophisticated technologies for better food production. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created surpluses of various resources that nurtured the development of civilization and so was food. The human found food to be a component that kept them healthy, free from diseases, energetic and intelligent. They discovered that it helped in the growth and development of all living beings. Eventually, they found a lot more needs for food. Consequently, more and more people began to indulge in agriculture and thereby increase the production to meet the needs of rapidly growing population. Very soon, various branches of agriculture evolved like the horticulture [ art and science of growing fruits, flowers and ornamental plants ], animal husbandry 1 As years passed, the population grew tremendously. The people moved towards the assistance of technology to augment their production as human effort alone could not meet the needs of food to feed the entire population. As the technological assistance helped farmers produce a considerably good yield from a limited portion of land, more and more land got occupied by industries and other factories. Farming began to be considered as a below average job and youth got recruitment in industries. The arena of agriculture got faded as they were able to produce the enough food from the available land resources. The present day poverty and hunger are mainly due to the neglect of agriculture. Unless, agriculture is to be considered as a white collar job, we are no longer going to get rid of these dreadful hitches. It is high time to reconsider the potentials of agriculture, which supports the majority of the population. The situation has come that we have to promote sustainable agriculture. Sustainable agriculture involves the successful management of agricultural resources to satisfy human needs while maintaining or enhancing environmental quality and conserving natural resources for future generations. By the year 2015, the world population is forecast to reach about 9 billion people – about one third greater than that of today. Therefore, there is greater demand for agriculture and thereby food production too. When we speak about food production and food consumption, it is necessarily important that we must know its present trends . . . . . . II. Objectives and Methodology : The following are the objectives of our research : We accomplished our research mainly to satisfy the following rationales : To be acquainted with the present day food production and consumption trends of people To learn about the latest technologies involved in the food and agriculture systems To study the various somber and solemn problems faced by our farmers / agriculturists 2 To discover solutions to their problems To give an awareness to the public about the importance of agriculture in this highly competitive and technological world To encourage youth to get into the field of agriculture To try to bring a respectful position for the farmers / agriculturists in the society Selection of students for Young Scientists Programme : We were selected by means of three selection rounds namely: 1. Poster presentation 2. Project report presentation 3. Model Demonstration Soon after the three selection processes, 55 students were crowned as the Young Scientists. We were divided into five teams and we, the Maroon team members were provided with the theme topic: â€Å"Food production and Food consumption†. The topic was further divided into sub – topics and they were distributed to our team members. We conducted reference works and researches on the given topics and for further clarifications and to make the other team mates aware of each research topic, we had team meets where in we were supposed to have effective discussion. Thus, each and every candidate of our team was accessed to the required information about the research topic. We even had field visits like the visit to the Sundaram Organic Farm, the Horticulture Research Station, SKM Egg Products India Private Limited etc which inculcated in us more knowledge about our theme topic. We worked as a team, as a family . . . . . 3 III. Food Production and Consumption trends in India i. Food production trends : World population has increased over the past 10 years by 760 million or more, which is equal to adding the combined population of Africa and South America. By 2025 it is expected that global population is expected to reach around 9Billion. Food has to be produced in colossal quantities to feed the entire population. Food production/capita has declined since 1971 in the world. Here, arises the problem of food production. The food grain obsolete technology ,more pests &diseases urbanization& (migration of rural labourers to urban),high labour cost, government agro policy being poor & unfocussed. The food production trends have changed so widely since the Egyptian civilization. Egyptians found that agriculture can prosper only with good water supply / irrigation. Nile river condition was studied & river water irrigation was effectively planned & made use of.. The production trend even varies with respect to culture, traditional aspects, customary aspects and the area under cultivation. The productions trend widely varies from country to country, state to state, district to district and even between communities. As a result, there arose a problem of insufficient production. ii. Green Revolution : In the 1970,s the food crisis was one of the major problems in our country as in many other countries. India was on its path to darkness. Lots of people died due to starvation and millions were still starving. The Central Food minister of that time, C.Subrahmaniam took initiative to find a solution to this deadly problem and the solution was later termed as Green Revolution. The introduction of high-yielding varieties of seeds and the increased use of fertilizers and better irrigation are known collectively as the Green Revolution, which provided the increase in production needed to make India self-sufficient in food grains.( thus improving agriculture in India.) Hybrid high-yielding wheat was first introduced to India in 1963 by Dr. Borlaug. Production of wheat was very good making India self sufficient in food. 4 Along with high yielding seeds and irrigation facilities, the enthusiasm of farmers mobilized the idea of agricultural revolution and is also credited to M. S. Swaminathan and his team for having contributed towards the success of green revolution. As a result of this, the agriculture production in India saw great heights. Moreover, Green Revolution also brought about various technological reforms. iii. Technological Development: Various scientific and technological methods for increasing food production were evolved as a result of Green Revolution: mechanization, effective irrigation, use of fertilizers, control of weeds, pests and insects, new varieties of farm animals or high-yielding strains of grain, land reclamation, soil conservation, river basin development, adequate storage facilities, infrastructure development etc . . . are some of the technologies.. As India saw development in the later ages, even the technologies got improved. India also experienced the establishments of agricultural structures like check dams, water shed tanks, rain water harvesting pits etc . . . which ensured better agricultural production.. Technology is just changing the way that human beings operate the machines from the previous ones, & implements to be more precise and less wasteful in the use of fuel, seed, or fertilizer. In the foreseeable future, some agricultural machines will be capable of driving themselves, using GPS maps and electronic sensors. Even more esoteric are the new areas of nanotechnology and genetic engineering, where submicroscopic devices and biological processes, respectively, are being used as machines to perform agricultural tasks in unusual new ways. The future will also see the application of healthy hybrid varieties, GMO crops that are hale and hearty, organic methods that produces greater output, better irrigation systems etc . . As every good thing has an appalling visage, these technologies too had some advantages and disadvantages. iv. Advantages of Modern Technologies: It was successful in meeting a growing demand for food by the world’s population. Yields of primary crops such as rice and wheat increased dramatically. The price of food declined, the rate of increase in crop yields generally keeps pace with population growth, and the number of people who go hungry to bed was slightly reduced 5 The boost in food production has been due mainly to scientific advances and new technologies, including the development of new crop varieties The use of pesticides and fertilizers, and the construction of large irrigation systems helped the farmers increase their production It reduces time cosumption as it ensures effective management of crops in a shorter period of time Disadvantages of modern technologies : Increased chances of unemployment [ as technological equipments can do the work of 50 – 100 labours] Evidence indicates, however, that excessive reliance on monoculture farming and agro industrial inputs, such as capital-intensive technology, pesticides, and chemical fertilizers, has negatively impacted the environment and rural society. A number of â€Å"ecological diseases† have been associated with the intensification of food production by means of latest technological methods Chemical fertilizers can also become air pollutants, and have recently been implicated in the destruction of the ozone layer and in global warming Excessive use of technological equipments has also been linked to the acidification/salinization of soils and to a higher incidence of insect pests and diseases through mediation of negative nutritional changes in crop plants Most of the present day technologies are prone to causing pollution [ land, water and air ] v. Food consumption trends: The agriculture and food sector figures prominently in this enterprise and must be given due importance in any consideration of the promotion of healthy diets for individuals and population groups. Food strategies must not merely be directed at ensuring food security for all, but must also achieve the consumption of adequate quantities of safe and good quality foods that together make up a healthy diet. Any recommendation to that effect will have implications for all components in the food chain. It is therefore useful at this juncture to examine trends in consumption patterns worldwide and deliberate on the potential of the food and agriculture sector to meet the demands and challenges of the future. The food consumption trends in the ancient period were governed by the Hindu and Jain beliefs. As a result of this, Vegetarianism was the most prominent system during the ancient days. It was also partly under the surveillance of the Delhi and Mughal dynasties. Later, towards the medieval period, people learned to consume what is needed and preserve the rest so that they could use them during periods of starvation. Therefore, the trend of the medieval period turned to be limited consumption. Presently, in the modern era, the consumption trends cannot be defined because people consume food not only for health but for various other reasons too. The consumption trends of the majority of the population are also controlled by advertisements. The consumption trends are partly hereditary too. Most importantly, the consumption trends of the present day people are mainly to showcase their status. For example, the ones who consume rich food are given higher positions in the society and the rest are treated with lower dignity in the society. In short, the food consumption trends unlike food production trends vary even from person to person. With respect to each food item, the consumption trend varies widely. The kilograms in which the food items are consumed determine the demand for the specific item thereby, expressing the trend of food consumption. From this, the consumption trends of the present day human society [ India ] are lucid and patent. 7 vi. Country – Country variations : The food consumption trend of the people varies from country to country. Changes in agricultural practice over the past 50 years have increased the world’s capacity to provide food for its people through increases in productivity, greater diversity of foods and less seasonal dependence. Food availability has also increased as a consequence of rising income levels and falling food prices. This has resulted in considerable changes in food consumption over the past 50 years in all the corners of the world i.e. from country to country. Global and regional per capita food consumption (kcal per capita per day) Region 8 For instance, the consumption trends in India is as follows ( it is extremely different from that of USA which ranks 1st ) : vii. Link between Production and Consumption: To meet the forecasted consumption rates of the entire population of different countries, great attention has to be laid on food production. The food consumption trends depend on the mode of food production. If the food produces is sufficient to feed the population, then the people can adopt their own consumption trend while if it is not, then the people will have to change the mode of consumption in a way that will satisfy the entire population. Thus, the link between the food production and consumption is tightly bound and will need great attention in the future when the population will be high and the food produced will not be sufficient to feed the entire population. If it is obligatory to ensure a safe and sound future, then it is equally significant to bring stability and steadiness in the food production and consumption trends of today. The present day situation of the world cannot be understood. The farmer who is producing the food cannot fix the rate of the food and the consumer who is consuming the food is also not able to fix the rate ! ! Is the present day food production and consumption: producer controlled, consumer controlled or trader controlled ? – – Combination of all the three . . . . V. Production, Procurement and Distribution constraints : However, despite all these trends in food production and consumption, there are certain dilemma and constraints with respect to production, procurement and distribution that have to be given more attention. i. Food production constraints: Improvement solutions are to be resorted by tackling together the problems associated with population growth and food production. A review of the problems of rapid population growth and declining food production and suggestions for resolution are given. World population has increased over the past 10 years by 760 million. Future increases are expected to bring total population to 9 billion by the year 2014 and 16 billion in 2025 (exponential increases). Food production/capita has declined since 1971 in the world in the recent past. The food production problem is technical, environmental, social, political, and economic. Food grain production in India(2009-2010) : 234Mn tonnes Per capita food grain produced: 193Kg/year Food grain production growth (in phase with population growth) : 5.5Mn tonnes/year Suggestions for increasing the food grain production : irrigation, use of fertilizers, &use of Botanical Pesticides control of weeds and insects, new varieties of farm animals or high-yielding strains of grain, land reclamation, mechanization soil conservation, ,Most Efficient water management river basin development, adequate storage facilities, infrastructure development, Birth control. Crop rotation, Organic farming, Mixed cropping Co-operate farming (supply ,operation &maintenance of agricultural machinery equipments) Few Environmental problems which need urgent attention.: soil erosion from mechanization, accumulation of DDT in food and water and animal life from pesticide use, and Water pollution from chemical fertilizers. Increased frequency & intensity of drought &flooding Climate change affects Rice &wheat production New pattern of pests &diseases Food production can be increased with more ecologically sound practices. Information about weather and weather forecasting allows for more suitable land management. Shifting cultivation and land tenure systems should involve conservation farming techniques. Organic manures and appropriate use of chemical fertilizers can raise soil fertility. Even if the production becomes stable, there lies a lot of problems in the next stage – procurement. ii. Urban Market Facilities and Management Public markets have burned down throughout the world over the last few years because of inadequate structures and maintenance, poor management, fire-hazard practices †¦ or to force traders into new markets. These blows to the local economy have important financial implications for small traders and entrepreneurs as well as consumers. Existing market spaces and facilities are often insufficient in developing countries and countries in transition. Consequently, many food traders occupy roads around markets. Urban markets are usually seen as a source of revenue to local town coffers, but those funds are often not reinvested in infrastructure maintenance and better services. This leads to traders feeling that market taxes are not justified and to unrest when rates are increased. Cold-storage facilities are usually insufficient and rent is often high. The few cold-storage rooms built by market managers are often inefficient,. Perishable food products, therefore, deteriorate rapidly.Public markets lack professional management and its continuity. Market authorities have insufficient skilled personnel and are unable to enforce regulations. Consequently, trading in public markets becomes more difficult and, therefore, costly. 11 iii. Food Retailing With respect to procurement and distribution, food retailing and food retail markets can be of great assistance in the modern era though it has not become more effective in India.Middle and high-income consumers shop at supermarkets while low-income consumers, who can spend as much as 80 percent of their income on food, go to local shops, to market places near their homes or buy from street vendors. Public retail markets have not expanded rapidly enough in newly urbanized areas and existing markets have been unable to accommodate the increasing number of retailers. Lack of space or new market opportunities in satellite city districts are thus the cause of spontaneous markets which fill an important gap in the distribution chain. However, their unplanned nature may create traffic, health and environmental problems. iv. Urban Markets: Hygiene, Health, Security and the Environment Since there is lack of private investments and public contribution, the markets of India lack hygiene, health and other basic requirements. Though, the government has taken effective measures, there is no much development in this situation. Market authorities usually guarantee cleaning inside the markets, but this is rarely adequate. Toilet facilities are rare and seldom properly cleaned. Water points, drainage and sewage are usually insufficient. Inadequate lighting in markets exposes users to additional risks and increases the likelihood of theft. The precarious hygiene conditions of established and spontaneous markets, the increasing quantities of waste, and the growing number of Lorries required for food transport, have an adverse impact on the environment, as they pollute air and water, increase noise and threaten public health. v. Public Distribution System (PDS) Public Distribution System (PDS) is an Indian food security system. Established by the Government of India under Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution and managed jointly with state governments in India, it distributes subsidized food and non-food items to India’s poor. 12 Major commodities distributed include staple food grains, such as wheat, rice, sugar, and kerosene, through a network of Public distribution shops, also known as Ration shops established in several states across the country. Food Corporation of India, a Government-owned corporation, procures and maintains the Public Distribution System. In terms of both coverage and public expenditure, it is considered to be the most important food security network. However, the food grains supplied by the ration shops are not enough to meet the consumption needs of the poor or are of inferior quality. The average level of consumption of PDS grains in India is only 1 kg per person / month. The PDS has been criticized for its urban bias and its failure to serve the poorer sections of the population effectively. The targeted PDS is costly and gives rise to much corruption in the process of extricating the poor from those who are less needy. Today, India has the largest stock of grain in the world besides China, the government spends Rs. 750 billion ($13.6 billion) per year, almost 1 percent of GDP, yet 21% remain undernourished. Distribution of food grains to poor people throughout the country is managed by state governments. As of date there are about 4.99 lakh Fair Price Shops (FPS) across India. The food distribution in India is not effective. It has lot of drawbacks when compared to the distribution systems of the developed countries. The food distribution system in India is as follows : 13 VI. Food Wastage : i. Food Wastage – an introduction : Food waste or food loss is the food that is discarded or lost, uneaten. As of 2011, billion tons of food, about one third of the global food production, is lost or wasted annually. Loss and wastage occurs on all steps in the food supply chain. In low-income countries, most loss occurs during production, while in developed countries much food – about 100 kilograms (220 lb) per person and year – is wasted at the consumption stage. In terms of production, the food wastage may occur in various stages. Research found that food grain waste occurs mainly in the beginning of production, transportation & distribution, storage system, preparation food,(cooking), serving & after consumption(throwing away the unconsumed)From planting, crops can be subjected to pest infestations and severe weather, which cause losses before the harvest part of a crop. In India, the wastage in food grain &cooked food is intolerably high.. Some of the major causes of this food wastage are improper storage facilities, lack of effective transport systems, lack of refrigerated transport vehicles, ill – maintained roads, attack of pests and rodents, lack of initiative of the public, lack of awareness, insufficient technological assistance, lack of preservation techniques and a lot more . . . . The food wastage problem of today’s India needs immediate attention and has to be paid more attention to ensure minimal wastage in the coming years. ii. Management of Food waste Reduction A quantity of wheat required by the entire production of Australia is wasted each year in India, according to a new report on global food wastage. At least 40% of all fruit and vegetables are lost in India between the grower and consumer due to lack of refrigerated transport, poor roads, inclement weather and corruption. Therefore, the best way to get rid of wastes is to minimize the wastage by ourselves. However, some of the waste reduction management techniques are given below: The feeding of food scraps to animals is, historically, the most common way of dealing with household food waste Vermi composting is the practice of feeding scraps [ food waste ] to worms who produce soil as a byproduct food waste can be dumped, but it can also be fed to animals, or it can be biodegraded by composting or anaerobic digestion, and reused to enrich soil Food waste coming through the sanitary sewers from garbage disposal units is treated along with other sewage and contributes to sludge which in turn is used in biogas plants In any function, food is to be served to the requirement Moreover food waste can also be recycled to produce various substances like paper, packaging material etc.. . Campaigns and awareness programmes like LOVE FOOD, HATE WASTE must be encouraged so as to make the public aware of the importance of food and the consequences of wasting food. Let us join hands to foresee a world that doesn’t waste food. VII. Food preservation and Food Packaging i. Food preservation – a brief overview Preservation usually involves preventing the growth of bacteria, fungi (such as yeasts), and other micro-organisms (although some methods work by introducing benign bacteria, or fungi to the food), as well as retarding the oxidation of fats which cause rancidity. Food preservation can also include processes which inhibit visual deterioration, such as the enzymatic browning reaction in apples after they are cut, which can occur during food preparation. Many processes designed to preserve food will involve a number of food preservation methods. Preserving fruit by turning it into jam, and sealing within an airtight jar (to prevent recontamination). There are many traditional methods of preserving food that limit the energy inputs and reduce carbon footprint. Maintaining or creating nutritional value, texture and flavour is an important aspect of food preservation, although, historically, some methods drastically altered the character of the food being preserved. ii. Principles of Food preservation: Preservation of a variety of food items, whatever the method maybe, is based on the following principles : 15 Prevention or Delay of Microbial Decomposition of food a. By keeping out micro – organisms [ asepsis ] b. By removal of micro – organisms by means of filtration c. By hindering their growth and activity through Drying methods Addition of chemicals [not recommended] Prevention or Delay of Self Decomposition of food a. Destruction of food enzymes b. Inactivation of food enzymes Thus, it is concluded that the main aim of food preservation is to inhibit either the microbial or self decomposition of food items. Food preservation involves the application of various methods that work on these principles. iii. Food Preservation Methods: There are various methods that can be applied over food items for its long term preservation. The main aim of food preservation is to increase the shelf life of the food item subjected to these preservation methods. However, a food item cannot undergo all the preservation techniques. The technique for each item is chosen with respect to the pH of the food and various other chemical factors. Some of the most accomplished food preservation techniques are: Refrigeration Vacuum packing Salting or Curing Smoking Adding food additives iv. Food packaging Packaging: The word ‘PACKAGING’ means to cover the physical property of a material to prevent it from its enemies. 16 Food packaging: Food packaging means to pack the food to prevent it from enemies, decaying and microbes. Food packaging can be done to food items with the help of packaging materials. Most of the food items are specific to certain materials and it is decided with attention to their chemical and physical properties. Types of food packaging materials: v. Value Addition: Value added agriculture is a process of increasing the economic value and consumer appeal of an agricultural commodity. It is a production/marketing strategy driven by customer needs and preferences. â€Å"Value – added† is used to characterize food products that are converted from raw product through processes that give the resulting product an â€Å"incremental value† in the market place. An â€Å"incremental value† is realized from either higher price or expanded market. For example, jams, cheeses, and pre – cooked meats are considered â€Å"value – added† products. Importance of value added products: Financial benefit – A value added agricultural product may have more market value than any other commodity Helps meet the changing preferences and interests of the public Possesses better quality, nutrition, convenience, safety, health, variety, price, social and environmental acceptance etc . . . Value – addition has become one of the major trends in the field of agriculture. It has brought about great changes in the mode of consumption of the public. Despite all these technologies, there are certain problems faced by the farmers and agriculturists. VIII. Problems faced by Agriculturists and Farmers : i. Major problems faced by Agriculturists and Farmers : The major problems confronting Indian agriculture are those of population pressure, small holdings, depleted soils, lack of modern technology and poor (quality and numbers) facilities for storage. Population pressure: Population increase & hence dwelling area are needed more .Therefore the area for cultivation becomes decreased. In country like Japan hill slopes have been cut into terraces for cultivation Small and Fragmented Land Holdings: The pressure of increasing population and the practice of dividing land equally among the heirs has caused excessive sub divisions of farm holdings. Consequently, the holdings are small and fragmented. The small size of holdings makes farming activity uneconomical and leads to social tension, violence and discontentment. Inadequate Irrigation Facilities: By and large the irrigation facilities available in India are far from adequate. So for half of the total area under food crops has been brought under irrigation and the remaining half is left to the mercy of monsoon rains which are erratic in time and space. Depleted Soils: Indian soils have been used for growing crops for thousands of years which have resulted in the depletion of soil fertility. With deforestation the sources of maintaining natural fertility of soil has been drying out. Lack of material resources and ignorance of scientific knowledge have further depleted the soils of the natural fertility. Earlier only animal waste was enough to maintain soil fertility. Storage of food grains: Storage of food grains is a big problem in India. Nearly 10 per cent of our harvest goes waste every year in the absence of proper storage facilities. This colossal wastage can be avoided by developing scientific ware-housing facilities. The government has taken several steps to provide storage facilities in the form of private storage go downs. Moreover, Government support & guidance for Agricultural product Export has become very poor &corruptive system. Farm Implements: Although some mechanization of farming has taken place in some parts of the country, most of the farmers are poor (in knowledge& finance) and do not purchase modern farm implements and tools. This hampers the development of agriculture. ii. Minor problems faced by Agriculturists and Farmers: Indian agriculture is a gamble of monsoons. Monsoons are irregular unevenly distributed and uncertain. It exerts a very unfavourable influence on agriculture. The serious drainage problem caused by the increased construction of roads, railways and canals disturbed the natural drainage system by checking the normal flow of rain water and bringing heavy floods. This result in large scale damage to crop. Global climatic changes affect agriculturist and farmers through their direct and indirect effects on the crops, soils, livestock and pests. The over cropping in a land leads to the exhaustion of soils. Declining trend is seen in the productivity of the land. Exploitation of land with excessive use of fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides leads to land fertility degradation. The land under cultivation of food grains has been declining due to construction of industries and residential building etc. There is inefficient water management. In order to withstand the global competition India has to use its vast potential of Agriculture by adopting modern technologies in farming. iii Steps taken by the government and other organizations: Subsidized five per cent interest rate on crop loans on timely repayment Initiated discussion session on topics that both help farmers to understand their existing situation and identify their opportunities and constraints Encouraged farmers to think of ways to improve their own marketing Laid focus on practical issues Used audio-visual presentations during farmers meeting sessions [ organized by the government ] Used traders and others to inform farmers about how the market works Ensured that farmers are able to make a comparatively good produce Provided farmers with the information they need about various agricultural practicesRegardless of the implementation of various measures and steps, problems still exist in the case of food preservation. Problems affecting the production, procurement and exportation have been solved to a great extent. It is food preservation that needs a lot of attention in this era. IX. Modern Technologies in Food and Agriculture: i. Technologies in Food preservation: The modern technologies involved in food preservation are : Pulsed Electric Field Electroporation High Pressure Food Preservation. Hurdle technology Pulsed Electric Field Electroporation: Pulsed electric field (PEF) electroporation is a method for processing cells by means of brief pulses of a strong electric field. PEF holds potential as a type of low temperature alternative pasteurization process for sterilizing food products. PEF for food processing is a developing technology still being researched. High pressure Food preservation: High pressure food preservation or pascalization refers to the use of a food preservation technique which makes use of high pressure. Pressed inside a vessel exerting 70,000 pounds per square inch (480 MPa) or more, food can be processed so that it retains its fresh appearance, flavour, texture and nutrients while disabling harmful microorganisms and slowing spoilage. Hurdle technology: Hurdle technology is a method of ensuring that pathogens in food products can be eliminated or controlled by combining more than one approach. These approaches can be thought of as â€Å"hurdles† the pathogen has to overcome if it is to remain active in the food. The right combination of hurdles can ensure all pathogens are eliminated or rendered harmless in the final product. As a result of these modern food production, procurement and preservation techniques, the environment is being degraded to a great extent. Moreover, the environment too is not so cooperative with agriculture. It provides a lot of hurdles that agriculture is not able to prosper very effectively today. X. Environmental Consequences: i. Consequences caused to the environment from agriculture: Modern Agricultural practices use a lot of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. They are rich in nitrates and phosphates. Once they are sprayed over the plants, they get suspended in the soil. When they are subjected to rainfall, they get drone away into water bodies. They then cause Eutrophication. These depositions of nitrates and phosphates may lead to the growth of algae on the surface of the water. They utilize the maximum oxygen in the water thus creating a situation wherein there is loss of marine life. This situation is known as eutrophication. Other consequences are pollution [ the technical devices used in food production may initiate harmful emissions of gases causing pollution ] and the rise of BOD [ Biological Oxygen Demand ]. It is said: â€Å"As you sow, so shall you reap†. As modern agricultural methods are causing great deteriorations to the environment, the environment in turn is not supportive to agricultural practices. ii. Consequences caused to agriculture by the environment: Soil is a dynamic living matrix that is an essential part of the terrestrial ecosystem. It is a critical resource not only to agriculture production and food security but also not to the maintenance of most live processes. This soil is getting deteriorated day by day, so is agriculture. Agriculture accounts for 70% of all water use. Water resources are depleting at a faster rate with water table falling worldwide. The global environmental outlook report says that, if the present water consumption pattern continues, two out of every three persons on earth will live in water stressed conditions by the year 2025. In such a condition, when the water resources are fast depleting, agriculture too become a depleting practice. Agriculture is extremely vulnerable to climate change and its impact is threatening global food security. Global warming is projected to have significant impacts on climate change and conditions affecting agriculture. Thus, as the present situation continues, the environment gets degraded more and more creating climate imbalance. As a result, the agricultural practices also foresees downfall. Therefore, the environment too is a threat to agriculture today. In spite of all these threatening reasons, man still is moving towards industrialization and is degrading the environment without paying enough attention towards agriculture. XI. Industrialisation and Agriculture: Industry is the production of an economic good or service within an economy. The Industrialization that took place in Europe in the late 18th century brought about great socio – economic changes in the world. Even today, the most advanced technologies that we experience are a result of this industrialization. However, this process also brought with it certain ill effects. It popularized industries and made agricultural practices face a downfall. . 22 It is transparent from this that both the GDP and the growth of agricultural sectors have both experienced serious downfall in the past fifty years. Unless this situation is treated with the appropriate solution, this dreadful condition cannot be overcome. As it continues, the public may have to move towards greener methods in the future. i. Recent Issues: 1. The Pepsi project Issue which has become a threat to the Punjab agricultural practices. Diversification of agriculture has become the main aim of the Pepsi Project . 2. The ONGC – Cauvery Oil Asset [ industry ] that created oil spills in the field which lead to large scale destruction of crop fields and also the ravaging of the paddy fields that surrounded the leaking pipelines of this industry. 3. The MESCO and Jindal steel plants, established in Orissa have turned against the existing agricultural practices. Their establishments have accounted for large scale destruction measures like deforestation and the illegal use of agricultural lands and forests. These issues have become a real threat to the world. Though, the agricultural produce is not sufficient to feed the entire population, people are moving towards industries and urban jobs rather than concentrating on agricultural activities which is the scope of future. Since people are not ready to change their attitude, it is necessary to have a balanced industrialization for the betterment of agriculture. 23 ii. Balanced Industrialization for the betterment of Agriculture Industrialization and Agriculture must go hand in hand for the betterment of our country. Industrialization should be practiced in such a way that there are no adverse effects on the agricultural practices. At the same time, it is necessary that scientific advances of the industries should have the potentials to bring about agro – ecosystems. XII. Our role: Apart from these industrial measures and other preventive measures, it is obligatory that each individual has to contribute to the betterment of our nation in one or the other way. We must furnish the public with a better understanding of the complexity of the present day agricultural systems We must develop a need to address both food consumption and production We must provide the essential knowledge and innovation through cross-sectoral approaches We must explore new ways of policy coordination We must motivate the educated ones so as to involve them in agriculture We must initiate awareness programmes as a result of which the farmers would become knowledgeable about the modern technologies in food production and food preservation We must join hands to build up a brighter and greener INDIA XIII. Conclusion : â€Å" Developed India is possible only if the agriculture is developed; But Prosperous India is possible only if the agricultural sectors are improved. & sustained along with industrial growth . . † Use less & less resources to achive more & more productivity. Industrialisation &agriculture fields should support mutually without degrading our eco system. The prospective future of mankind is not outside his control, but well with in his boundary. Taking care of rights of future generations, let us use/consume carefully all types of resources given by the nature. As Young Scientists, let’s take an oath to produce good food, consume just adequate food, waste nil food and store the balance food for the future /future generations. . . XIV. References: www.wiki.org www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.foodnavigator.asia.com Britannica Encyclopedia, F Series [ Food ] Green technologies in food production, pg no: 149, 2012 edition; author: Joyce.I.Boye www.wattagnwt.com www.meattradenewsdaily.com www.newsonair.com